What are the primary factors influencing urban heat islands in?.

Urban heat islands (UHIs) occur due to a combination of factors, including:

1. Land Cover Change: Urbanization replaces vegetation with buildings and asphalt, which absorb and retain heat.
2. Heat-Generating Activities: Increased energy use from transportation, manufacturing, and air conditioning raises local temperatures.
3. Building Materials: Dark surfaces and materials used in construction (like asphalt) absorb more solar radiation compared to natural landscapes.
4. Reduced Vegetation: Deforestation and limited green spaces in cities reduce shading and evapotranspiration, both of which help cool the environment.
5. Waste Heat: Buildings and vehicles emit heat, further contributing to elevated temperatures.

In 2024, understanding these factors is crucial for urban planning and climate adaptation strategies.